A Republic of Chad (Arabic: تشاد , TaÅ¡Ä?d; French: Tchad) is a land-locked united states within central Africa. It borders Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon and Nigeria to the southwest and Niger to the west. Due to its few feet away from either a sea & its largely desert climate, a united states is occasionally refered to when the 'dead heart of Africa.' Northward, it contains a Tibesti Mountains, the big range in the Sahara desert. Erst a share of the Federation of French Equatorial Africa, the united states shares the relationship sustaining Lake Chad. |- | align="center" colspan=Ii | National motto: Unité - Travail - Progrès
(French: Unity - Work - Progress) |- | align=center colspan=Two | image:LocationChad.png |- | Official languages | French, Arabic |- | Capital | N'Djamena |- | President | Idriss Déby |- | Prime Minister | Pascal Yoadimnadji |- | Area
 - Total
 - % water | Ranked 20th
1,284,000 km²
1.9% |- | Population
 - Aggregate (2003)
 - Density | Ranked 82nd
9,253,493
Heptad.2/km² |- | Independence
 - Todays govt.
 - Constitution | 11 August 1960
2 December 1990
31 March 1996 |- | Currency | CFA franc (XAF) |- | Time zone | UTC +1 |- | National anthem | La Tchadienne |- | Internet TLD | .td |- | Calling Code | 235 |} History
Independent article: History of Chad

Prefer virtually all of a globe, the front yard that in todays world is Chad began retired as a staccato class action of tribes. Mechanical man skulls & cave paintings use been detected there. Sooner or later, these tribes were overtaken by kingdoms. Chad was controlled by a bit of decrepit local kingdoms until it was overtaken per larger, however however totally African Kanem-Bornu Empire.

Late, foreigners began getting the large influence in Chad. Starting in the Middle Ages, Chad became a crossway between a Muslim monger & a native tribes. Around 1891 Chad became a French colony. Around WWII, Chad was the number 1 French colony to join a Free French & a Allies, under the leadership of its Governor, Félix Éboué. Inside 1960, Chad peacefully became an independent country, by having François Tombalbaye as its first president.

Around 1965, a civil war began as a tax insurrection from either a Muslim northerly against a central government. This was an extended, confused & painful war that lasted (sustaining around directly intervention from either France and Libya opportunistically giving trend lines to a single side against an additional) until 1996. At that instance French-supported leader Idriss Déby won on on a the field of battle. Shortly fallowing the constitution was written & Idriss Déby was elected president around reasonably fair election.

Politics
The hard executive office of the president headed by President Deby of the Patriotic Salvation Movement dominates the Chadian political technique. Deby was elected constitutionally around 1996 & 2001, however international observers noted irregularites in the election run. Deby has been president since 1990, however the constitution wasn't written until 1996. the president of Chad is limited to deuce terms (non counting prior to a constitution was written), all the same a vary within the constitution might allow Idriss Deby to run professional once again in 2006. A president is elected by universal vote for victims terminated Xviii. A president has a power to appoint a prime minister & a Council of State (or even cabinet), & exercises considerable influence on top appointments of judges, generals, provincial officials & heads of Chad’s parastatal business firm. Chad's legislative branch consists of the unicameral National Assembly. Its judicial branch consists of the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeal, crook courts, & judge courts.

Subdivisions
Independent article: Subdivisions of Chad

Since 200Two, Chad has been divided into Xviii regions, every of which is mass produced higher of 2-Four departments. A regions close to correspond by using Fourteen prefectures which existed as much as 1999.

Regions: Batha Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Chari-Baguirmi Guéra Hadjer-Lamis Kanem Lac Logone Occidental Logone Oriental Mandoul Mayo-Kebbi East (previously section of Mayo-Kebbi) Mayo-Kebbi West (previously a share of Mayo-Kebbi) Moyen-Chari Ouaddaï Salamat Tandjilé Wadi Fira (previously Biltine) Ndjamena

Geography
Independent article: Geography of Chad

Chad occurs as land-locked united states inside in the north central Africa with measurements of 1,284,000 square kilometre (496,000 sq. mi.). Chad is around central Africa, in the south of Libya. Chad has 5,968 klick of border against Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Niger, Nigeria, and Sudan. Chad has foursome climactic zones: it has broad, arid plains around center, desert in north, dry mountains around northwest, & tropical lowlands in south. Single 3% of Chad is arable land and none of it has permanent crops. Environmental hazards within Chad include hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds occur in northerly, periodical droughts, and locust plagues. Lake Chad, which is inside Chad & Cameroon, was it used to be that a 2nd-largest flow of any stream in Africa however has shrunk dramatically when you took a previous couple decades & is okay, down to to a lesser degree 10% of its previous size.

Economy
Independent article: Economy of Chad

Chad's primarily agricultural economy will prove my point to become boosted by major oilfield and pipeline projects that began inside 2000. Above 80% of Chad's people relies in subsistence farming and stock raising for its livelihood. Cotton gauze, cows, & gum arabic provide the bulk of Chad's exportation earnings, however Chad might start to export oil inside 2004. Chad's economy has yearn been handicapped by its landlocked position, high energy costs, & the history of instability. Chad relies in foreign assistance & foreign capital for virtually all public & personal sector investment projects. The syndicate led by deuce U.s.a. corporations has been investing $3.7 billion to respond with oil reserves guessed at One billion barrels (Nought.Two kilometer³) within southern Chad. Drilling is scheduled to are around stream in late 2003.

Demographics
Independent article: Demographics of Chad

There are additional than 200 ethnic groups within Chad. People north & east come typically Muslim; most southerners come Christians or animists. Across their hanker religious & commercial relationships by owning Sudan and Egypt, many of the peoples inside Chad's eastern & central regions use get about Arabized, speaking Arabic and engaging in numbers of more Arab ethnical practices besides. Extra than 3-quarters of the Chadian people is rural.

Culture
Independent article: Culture of Chad

Chad occurs as super unfeeling diverse united states. Among a manifestations of this diversity is the super heavy total of languages spoken there. Although a just official languages within Chad come Arabic and French, there are also supplementary than One c tribal languages spoken. A big ethnic class action within Chad, a Christian/animist Sara peoples living in the south, simply is 20% of the people. Within central Chad, population come mostly wandering & pastoralist. the mountainous northerly has a thin, mostly Muslim population of mixed backgrounds. Both society within Chad (little than a groups described above) has developed their have religion, music, & folklore. A big Christian churches come a Roman Catholic Church, the Assemblees Chretiennes du Tchad, the Eglise Baptiste du Tchad and the Eglises Evangeliques au Tchad.

Watch likewise: music of Chad, List of writers from Chad, Day (language)

Miscellaneous topics
Association of Baptist Churches of Chad Communications in Chad Darfur conflict Foreign relations of Chad Holidays in Chad Islam in Chad Languages of Chad Military of Chad Transportation in Chad